Chhattisgarh is a state located in central India and has a rich cultural heritage. The art of Chhattisgarh reflects the state’s history, culture, and traditions. The art of Chhattisgarh is diverse and unique, ranging from paintings, sculptures, wood carvings, metal crafts, and textiles.
Historical View of the Art of Chhattisgarh
The art of Chhattisgarh has a rich and diverse history that spans back thousands of years. The region has been inhabited by various tribes and communities, each of which has contributed to the state’s unique cultural heritage.
1. In the Caves of Bhimbetka
A PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTING IN BHIMBETKA CAVE
One of the earliest forms of art in Chhattisgarh can be seen in the rock art found in the caves of Bhimbetka. These paintings, dating back to the prehistoric period, depict scenes of hunting, dancing, and daily life.
2. The New Era of Art
The rise of the Kalchuri dynasty in the 10th century brought about a new era of art in Chhattisgarh. The dynasty’s rulers were great patrons of the arts, and they commissioned numerous temples, sculptures, and other works of art. The Rajim Kumbh Mela, a religious festival that takes place in the town of Rajim, is a notable cultural event that has been celebrated for over 500 years.
3. Influence of Maratha Culture
In the 18th century, the Maratha Empire established its rule over Chhattisgarh, and many of the region’s cultural practices and artistic traditions were influenced by Maratha culture. The folk art of Chhattisgarh, which includes forms such as Pandavani, Raut Nacha, and Karma, is a testament to the state’s rich cultural heritage.
Art of the Chattisgarh continues to thrive, with contemporary artists drawing inspiration from the region’s diverse history and culture. The art of Chhattisgarh is a vibrant and dynamic reflection of the state’s unique identity.
Different art of Chhattisgarh
The tribal communities in Chhattisgarh have their unique art forms, which are characterized by their intricate designs and bright colors. A few of them are:
Bastar arts are a form of tribal art and craft that originated in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. The tribal communities of Bastar have been practicing this art form for generations, and it has become an important part of their cultural heritage. The Bastar arts include a wide range of crafts such as metalwork, wood carving, terracotta pottery, weaving, and painting.
The Bastar art of Chhattisgarh is not only a source of livelihood for the tribal communities but also a means of preserving their culture and heritage. The government of Chhattisgarh has taken several initiatives to promote and support the art of Chhattisgarh and several craft fairs and exhibitions are organized every year to showcase the work of these talented artisans.
2. Kosa Silk Art
OFF-WHITE KOSA SILK SAREE
Kosa silk is a type of silk produced in Chhattisgarh, a state in central India.
Kosa silk is known for its fine texture, durability, and natural sheen, and it has been produced in the region for centuries.
The production of Kosa silk involves a labor-intensive process that begins with the cultivation of silkworms. The cocoons are then collected and boiled to extract the silk fibers. These fibers are then spun into thread and dyed using natural dyes made from plants and minerals. The dyed threads are then woven into beautiful silk fabrics using traditional handloom techniques.
Kosa silk is used to make a variety of garments and textiles, including sarees, shawls, scarves, and other clothing items. The fabric is prized for its luxurious texture and vibrant colors, and it has become an important part of the cultural heritage and art of Chhattisgarh.
Kosa silk is also used in the production of decorative items, such as wall hangings and other handicrafts. These items are often embellished with intricate embroidery and other decorative techniques, making them highly prized works of art. Kosa silk is an important cultural and economic resource for the people of Chhattisgarh, and it is a beautiful example of the traditional arts of Chattisgarh.
3. Pattachitra Art
PATTACHITRA ART
Pattachitra is a traditional style of painting that originated in the state of Odisha but it has also been practiced in the neighboring state of Chhattisgarh for many centuries. Pattachitra paintings are known for their intricate details and vibrant colors, and they often depict scenes from Hindu mythology.
The word “Pattachitra” is derived from the Sanskrit words “patta” (meaning “cloth”) and “Chitra” (meaning “painting”). This style of painting is traditionally done on cloth, which is first coated with a mixture of chalk and gum, and then polished to create a smooth surface. The painting is then done using natural dyes and pigments, such as indigo, turmeric, and lampblack.
The history of Pattachitra art can be traced back to the 5th century BC when it was first mentioned in the ancient Indian text, the Mahabharata. It is believed that the art form originated in the village of Raghurajpur in Odisha, which is still considered to be the epicenter of Pattachitra painting.
The art of Chhattisgarh has evolved and spread to other parts of India. Today, Pattachitra art is recognized as a unique and valuable part of India’s cultural heritage, and it is practiced by skilled artisans in many parts of the country.
4. Pithora Paintings
PITHORA PAINTING
Pithora paintings are a traditional form of folk art that originated in Chhattisgarh. These paintings are done on the walls of houses and are believed to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits. The intricate designs and vibrant colors used in these paintings have gained recognition worldwide.
5. Dhokra Art
Dhokra art is a traditional form of metal casting that originated in Chhattisgarh. The art form involves the use of the lost-wax casting technique, and the products are made using brass or bronze. Dhokra art has gained recognition worldwide for its intricate detailing and unique designs.
What can be done to support the art of Chhattisgarh?
The art of Chhattisgarh is a larger part of the artistic landscape of India and there is a need to preserve the talent that manifests in the people of the state.
1. Support Local Artists
Chhattisgarh is home to a large number of talented artists who often struggle to make a living. You can support them by purchasing their artworks, attending their exhibitions and performances, and recommending their work to others.
2. Encourage Traditional Art Forms
Chhattisgarh has a rich tradition of tribal art, folk music, and dance forms that are unique to the state. These art forms often struggle to compete with modern forms of entertainment. By supporting and promoting traditional art forms, you can help preserve this important aspect of the state’s cultural heritage.
3. Collaborate with Local Organizations
There are several local organizations and NGOs in Chhattisgarh that are dedicated to promoting and preserving the state’s art and culture. You can collaborate with them by volunteering your time, donating money, or providing other forms of support.
4. Organize Art Events and Exhibitions
Organizing art events and exhibitions is a great way to promote the art of Chhattisgarh. This can include art exhibitions, music festivals, dance performances, and other cultural events.
By supporting and promoting the art of Chhattisgarh, we can help preserve the state’s rich cultural heritage and provide local artists with the recognition they design.
Global Significance of Art of Chattisgarh
The value of Chhattisgarh’s art is not just limited to the state, but it is recognized and appreciated globally. The art of Chhattisgarh has gained worldwide recognition for its uniqueness, artistic value, and cultural significance. The state’s rich and diverse artistic heritage has contributed significantly to the cultural landscape of India and the world.
Government Initiatives to Support the Art of Chhattisgarh
The state government of Chhattisgarh has taken several initiatives to support and promote the art and culture of the state. Some of them are:
The state government has established the Chhattisgarh State Museum to preserve and showcase the art and cultural heritage of the state. The museum has a rich collection of artifacts, including tribal art, sculptures, coins, and manuscripts.
Chhattisgarh Folk and Tribal Art Promotion Board
The government has set up this board to promote and preserve the folk and tribal art forms of the state. The board conducts workshops, exhibitions, and training programs to support artists and artisans.
Chhattisgarh Kala Mahotsav
This is an annual cultural festival organized by the government to promote and showcase the art and culture of the state. The festival includes performances by local artists, exhibitions, and workshops.
Financial Assistance to Artists
The government provides financial assistance to artists to support their work. This includes grants, scholarships, and subsidies for art-related activities.
Infrastructure Development
The government has developed infrastructure to support the art and cultural activities in the state. This includes the construction of cultural centers, auditoriums, and art galleries.
The government of Chhattisgarh has taken several steps to support and promote the art of Chhattisgarh. These initiatives have helped to preserve and promote the rich cultural traditions of Chhattisgarh and support the livelihoods of local artists and artisans.
Summing Up
The art of Chhattisgarh executes From traditional folk art to contemporary styles, Chattisgarh has a lot to offer in terms of artistic expression.
Chhattisgarh is also home to a number of ancient temples and historical monuments, many of which are adorned with beautiful carvings and sculptures. The famous temple of Bhoramdeo is a prime example of the state’s rich architectural heritage.
In recent years, Chhattisgarh has emerged as a hub for contemporary art, with several art galleries and exhibitions showcasing the works of local and national artists. The art of Chhattisgarh is diverse and rich, reflecting the state’s cultural heritage and the creativity of its people. From traditional forms to contemporary styles, Chhattisgarh offers a fascinating glimpse into the world of Indian art.
Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
Handmade jewellery in India has been an integral part of the culture for centuries. India has a rich tradition of jewelry-making, and artisans across the country have been creating stunning pieces by hand for generations. From intricate necklaces and earrings to beautiful bracelets and bangles, Handmade jewelry in India is known for its exquisite craftsmanship and unique designs.
Handmade jewellery in India is often made using traditional techniques and materials, such as gold, silver, and precious stones. Each piece is carefully crafted by skilled artisans, who use their knowledge and expertise to create one-of-a-kind pieces that reflect the beauty and richness of Indian culture.
Unique Handmade Jewellery in India
1. Terracotta Jewellery
TERRACOTTA PENDANT SET
Terracotta jewelry is a type of handmade jewellery in India made from natural clay that is fired in a kiln at high temperatures to create a hard, durable material.
The name “terracotta” comes from the Italian words “terra” meaning “earth” and “cotta” meaning “cooked.” This type of jewellery is often characterized by its rustic, earthy appearance and is typically made by hand using traditional techniques.
Terracotta jewellery can take many forms, including necklaces, earrings, bracelets, and even hair accessories. It is often adorned with intricate designs, patterns, and textures, and can be painted or glazed to add color and shine.
One of the benefits of terracotta jewellery is that it is lightweight and easy to wear, making it a popular choice for everyday wear or for special occasions. It is also relatively inexpensive compared to other types of jewellery, making it accessible to a wide range of people.
Apart from being beautiful and affordable, terracotta jewellery is also environmentally friendly since it is made from natural materials and requires minimal processing.
Filigree jewelry is a type of ornamental metalwork made by twisting and weaving thin wires of gold, silver, or other metals into delicate and intricate designs. The resulting pieces are often highly detailed and can be quite beautiful.
Filigree jewellery has been around for centuries and can be found in many different cultures and traditions around the world. It has been used for everything from decorative objects to religious artifacts, and today it is primarily used for jewelry.
The process of making filigree jewelry is highly skilled and time-consuming. It involves shaping the metal wires into various designs, then soldering or fusing them together to create the final piece. The resulting jewelry is often quite fragile and delicate, but it can also be quite strong and durable if made with high-quality materials and craftsmanship.
Filigree jewelry can be found in a wide range of styles, from traditional and ornate to modern and minimalist. It is often used in engagement rings, wedding bands, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.
Tribal Jewellery refers to the traditional handmade jewellery in India that is worn by the various tribes and indigenous communities across the country. Each tribe has its unique style of jewelry, which reflects their culture, beliefs, and way of life.
Tribal jewellery is usually made from natural materials like beads, shells, bones, wood, and metals like silver, copper, and brass. The jewellery designs are often bold and rustic, featuring geometric patterns, animal motifs, and nature-inspired themes. One of the most distinct features of Indian tribal jewellery is its use of bright colors. The tribes use colorful beads, shells, and stones to create striking pieces of jewelry that stand out.
Tribal jewelry is often worn as a symbol of identity, status, and culture. The jewellery is passed down from generation to generation and is an important part of the tribe’s heritage. Some popular types of Indian tribal jewellery include necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and anklets. These pieces of handmade jewellery in India are often worn during festivals, weddings, and other important occasions.
Tribal handmade jewellery in India is a beautiful representation of the rich cultural heritage of the country’s indigenous communities. It is a celebration of the unique traditions and beliefs of these tribes and a testament to the artistic skills of their artisans.
4. Beaded Jewellery
FAUX BEADED NECKLACE
Beaded jewelry is a popular type of handmade jewellery in India, known for its intricate patterns and colorful designs. These pieces are made by stringing together various types of beads, which can range from small and delicate to large and bold.
The beads used in Indian beaded jewellery can be made from a variety of materials, including glass, plastic, wood, bone, and even precious and semi-precious gemstones. These beads are often hand-carved or hand-painted, giving each piece of jewelry a unique and artisanal feel.
Indian beaded jewelry comes in many forms, including necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and anklets. Some pieces may feature a single strand of beads, while others may be more complex, with multiple strands and intricate beading patterns.
These pieces are often worn to add a pop of color to an outfit and are especially popular during festivals and weddings. They are often sold at local markets and bazaars, where artisans showcase their skill in creating these intricate pieces of jewelry.
5. Rajasthani Jewellery
HASLI HANDMADE RAJASTHANI NECKLACE
Rajasthani jewellery is a traditional style of handmade jewellery in India that is known for its intricate designs, vibrant colors, and use of a variety of materials including precious and semi-precious stones, metals, and beads.
Rajasthani jewelry is often inspired by the state’s rich cultural heritage and is a reflection of its history and traditions. It is popularly worn during weddings, festivals, and other special occasions. Some of the most popular styles of handmade Rajasthani jewellery are Kundan Jewellery, Meenakari Jewellery, Jadau Jewellery, Thewa Jewellery, and Lac Jewellery.
Rajasthani jewellery is a testament to the skilled craftsmanship and rich heritage of Rajasthan. It is a popular choice for those looking for unique and beautiful handmade jewelry.
Pachchikam jewelry is a traditional style of jewelry that originated in the state of Gujarat in India. It is a form of handmade jewellery in India that is made using silver and semi-precious stones like agate, turquoise, and coral. The unique feature of Pachchikam jewellery is that the stones are set in silver without any glue or adhesive, which makes the jewellery eco-friendly and sustainable.
The technique used to create Pachchikam jewellery involves creating a silver frame, which is then filled with wax. The semi-precious stones are then placed in the wax, and the silver frame is hammered and shaped around them to secure the stones in place. The wax is then removed, leaving the stones securely embedded in the silver frame.
Pachchikam jewellery is known for its intricate designs and delicate filigree work. It is often inspired by nature and features motifs like flowers, leaves, and vines. The jewellery is usually made in sets that include a necklace, earrings, and bangles. Pachchikam jewellery is popular among women in Gujarat and is often worn for special occasions like weddings and festivals.
Steps Taken to Promote Handmade Jewellery in India
Handmade jewellery in India is not just a craft, it is an art form that has been passed down through generations. The jewellery-making process involves a great deal of patience, skill, and attention to detail, and many artisans have spent years honing their craft to become masters of their trade. Several steps have been taken to support and promote handmade jewellery in India:
Initiatives by the Government
The government has set up various initiatives to support the development of handicrafts and handloom industries, including jewelry-making. These initiatives aim to provide financial assistance, training, and marketing support to artisans and their communities.
Non-Governmental Organizations
Various non-governmental organizations and social enterprises are working to promote and preserve traditional Indian crafts and jewelry-making techniques. They provide training, design support, and market linkages to artisans, helping them to access new markets and increase their income.
Indian Designers’ action
Many Indian designers and brands are now incorporating traditional techniques and designs into their collections. This has helped to create awareness and demand for handmade and traditional jewelry, both within India and abroad.
E-commerce and other Platforms
Various online marketplaces and e-commerce platforms have emerged that exclusively sell handmade and traditional jewelry made by Indian artisans. These platforms provide a global reach to artisans and help them to connect directly with customers, cutting out intermediaries and increasing their income.
Awareness Campaigns
Education and awareness campaigns are also being conducted to highlight the cultural and economic significance of handmade jewelry in India. This includes workshops, exhibitions, and events that showcase the skills and craftsmanship of Indian artisans.
All these steps have helped to promote and preserve the art of making handmade jewellery in India and provide better livelihoods to artisans and their communities. But more needs to be done to provide better infrastructure, access to finance, and technology to these artisans, so they can compete in the global market and earn a fair income for their work.
Over to You
Handmade jewellery in India has a rich cultural heritage and is highly valued for its unique designs and craftsmanship. Skilled artisans use traditional techniques and tools to create one-of-a-kind pieces that are often considered more personal and sentimental than mass-produced jewellery.
Whether you’re looking for a statement piece to wear on a special occasion or a more subtle accessory for everyday wear, Handmade jewellery in India offers a wide range of options to suit every taste and style. From traditional designs that have been passed down through generations to contemporary pieces that incorporate modern techniques and materials,
Handmade jewellery in India is a celebration of rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions.
What other handmade Jewelleries can you think of? Let us know in the comments.
Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
If you are wondering about the major languages spoken in Jammu & Kashmir then you are in the right place.
We have about 22 major scheduled languages in India, approximately 1500 other languages, and at least 19,500 mother tongues. So, not just India as a whole is very diverse but every state and every union territory has a very diverse and rich culture and history when it comes to languages.
If we specifically talk about Jammu & Kashmir then several languages are spoken in this region. Even as you descend from the north to the south, you will find a drastic difference in the languages that are spoken in different parts of this union territory. And even though certain languages are a dialect of some mainstream languages, over the years, these dialects have evolved into languages of their own.
While several different languages are spoken in Jammu & Kashmir, there are 5 official languages of the union territory. A bill that was passed in 2020 has given the 5 languages namely- Kashmiri, Hindi, Dogri, English, and Urdu an official status.
Now, without any further ado, let us delve into our article right away and take a look at the major languages spoken in Jammu & Kashmir.
Languages Spoken in Kashmir and Jammu
1. Kashmiri Language
One of the 22 scheduled languages of India, “Kashmiri” is the most common language that is spoken in the region of J&K. Approximately 6.8 million people speak this language and the majority of its speakers are located in the Kashmir Valley, and the Chenab Valley. It is also spoken in the Neelum Valley in the Azad Kashmir part of Pakistan.
And for the first time, in 2020, the Kashmiri language became the official language of the union territory of Jammu & Kashmir. Kashmiri is also one of the Dardic languages, along with Shina and Khowar.
While the language is Dardic in origin, Kashmiri has predominantly become Indo-Aryan in character. This language spoken in Kashmir has a mixed vocabulary, with words inspired by Sanskrit, Persio-Arabic, as well as Dardic languages.
Sharada, Devanagari, and Persio-Arabic are the three different scripts that are used to write the Kashmiri language. While the Kashmiri Hindus are said to have written this language in the Sharada script in the olden times, they have now shifted to the Devanagari script. On the other hand, the Kashmiri Muslims use the Persio-Arabic script called Nastaliq. Nastaliq, along with some additional diacritical marks, is recognized as the official script for this language by the Jammu & Kashmir government.
“Kishtwari” and “Poguli” are two of the major dialects of the Kashmiri language. Also, the Kashmiri language that is spoken by the Kashmiri Pandits is slightly different than that spoken by the Kashmiri Muslims. Not just the vocabulary but the pronunciation slightly differs too.
2. Dogri
This language is spoken by nearly 3 to 5 million people. It is also an Indo-Aryan language that is mainly spoken in the Jammu region of Jammu & Kashmir.
“Dogri“ is one of the western Pahari languages, this language is tonal- a trait, also common to the Punjabi and other western Pahari languages. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and this language received its official status in the year 2003. The script used for writing this language was called the Dogri script or Dogra Akkhar. However, the Devanagari script is now majorly used for writing the same.
Dogri is known to have descended from the Sanskrit language and its vocabulary has also been influenced by other languages, such as Persian and English. The word ‘Dogri’ is known to have originated from the word ‘Duggar’ which means ‘two troughs’.
The language is also spoken in Himachal Pradesh, northern Punjab, and a few other parts of Jammu & Kashmir. Dogri speakers are usually referred to as ‘Dogras’.
It can be called the second most spoken language in the territory of Jammu & Kashmir, after the Kashmiri language. Approximately, 80% of Jammu’s population speaks the Dogri language.
In 1969, this language was recognized as an ‘independent modern literary language’ by the General Council of the Sahitya Academy, Delhi.
If we talk about modern literature, the Dogri language, apart from Kashmiri, is the only language that has a considerable literary corpus.
3. Gojri
Also known asGujari, Gojari, or Gujri is another language spoken in Kashmir. The Jammu & Kashmir government has recognized this language and included it in the sixth schedule of the state constitution.
Gujari language has a huge folklore that includes folktales, ballads, and songs. Several books have been published in this language.
After Kashmiri, Dogri, and Western Pahari, Gujari is the biggest linguistic group. This language is spoken in scattered communities across the union territory.
This western Indo-Aryan language is related to the Rajasthani language. While the speakers of this language do not form a majority in any large area, this language is spoken in the Kashmir valley, Pir Panjal region as well as some other parts of Jammu & Kashmir.
The Gojri or Gujari language is primarily spoken by the Bakerwals and Gujjars. It originates from Indo-Aryan native areas and is spoken by The Gurjars and other tribes of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. It is mainly spoken in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, and other parts of India.
According to research, about 10.41% of the population of Jammu & Kashmir speaks the Gojri language. Several organizations and institutions in J&K work for the development of this language and to keep its literary activity going. All India Radio and Doordarshan Kendra also run various programs that are in the Gujari language along with Radio Kashmir Jammu, Srinagar, and Poonch air Gujari language programs as well as news bulletins across Jammu & Kashmir.
The next language spoken in Kashmir is Urdu language. It is one of the 5 official languages and among the major languages spoken in Jammu & Kashmir and also one of the officially recognized languages of India.
It is an Indo-Aryan language that is widely spoken and understood across the Kashmir valley. Urdu was recognized as the official language of Jammu & Kashmir in the year 1889. Before this time, Persian was the official language spoken in Kashmir for about three centuries. Maharana Pratap Singh who was the third ruler of the erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir had replaced Persian with Urdu as J&K’s official language during his reign.
Urdu also shares a common Indo-Aryan vocabulary base, syntax, and phonology with the Hindi language.
According to a 2011 census, around 90% of people in J&K could speak Urdu while 70 % of the population could read and write in this language.
All of the official land records, courts, revenue, as well as FIRs are scripted in Urdu in Kashmir.
4. Burushaski
Another language spoken in Kashmir as well as in Jammu is called ‘Burushaski’. This language is majorly spoken in northern Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan.
It is also spoken in Jammu & Kashmir but there are only a few hundred speakers of it in India. A language isolate, Burushaski isn’t like any other language in the world and it isn’t classified either.
It is quite a unique language and only about 1% of J&K’s population speaks this language.
5. Pahari Languages
When we talk about the major languages spoken in Jammu & Kashmir, we cannot leave out the Pahari languages.
Pahari language is a collective name that is given to the languages of people who mostly reside in hilly or mountainous regions.
Pahari is listed in the sixth schedule of the constitution of Jammu & Kashmir and is one of the regional languages.
Some of the distinct Pahari languages include Ponchi, Padri, Mirpuri, Parmi, Bhaderwahi, etc. A significant number of the population i.e. about 23.99% is known to speak these Pahari languages.
Also, languages spoken in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, etc. are known as Pahari languages but they are different from the ones spoken in Jammu & Kashmir.
In Jammu and Kashmir, these languages are spoken in the Pir Panjal region, Karnah, Uri, etc.
6. Tibetic Languages
Among the major languages spoken in Jammu & Kashmir region, the next is the Tibetic language. These languages are related to the Tibetan family.
These are the minority languages in the J&K region as these aren’t spoken by a lot of people.
Ladakhi/ Bodhi/ Bhoti is spoken in the Leh area. Zangskari is spoken in the Zanskar region in Ladakh.
7. Other Languages
Other languages that are commonly spoken in Jammu & Kashmir include English and Hindi. These two are also among the 5 official languages of the union territory.
These two languages are also spoken by a significant number of the population residing in J&K.
The languages of Jammu and Kashmir are as diverse and unique as the land itself with a vast vocabulary and dialects. Kashmir is a hub of various cultures that co-exists beautifully together. In this blog, we talked about the major languages spoken in Jammu & Kashmir. We hope that this gave you an idea of the languages spoken in Kashmir as well as in the Jammu region.
Were you aware of any of the languages that we mentioned above?
Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
Kannauj is known as the perfume city of India because of its long-standing tradition of producing high-quality perfumes and essential oils, is in the state of Uttar Pradesh, and has been a center for producing perfumes and fragrances for centuries.
Kannauj’s history of perfume production is deeply rooted in history, tracing back to the 7th century, during the reign of the Pushyabhuti emperor, King Harshvardhan, and was known as “Kanyakubja”. It was during this time that Kannauj was a major center for producing attars or natural perfumes made from flower and plant extracts.
Over the centuries, Kannauj’s reputation for producing high-quality perfumes has only grown. Today, the city is home to numerous distilleries and processing units where natural essential oils and perfumes are produced using traditional methods.
The perfumes produced in Kannauj are known for their unique and exotic scents, which are often inspired by local flora and fauna. Some of the most popular fragrances produced in Kannauj include rose, jasmine, sandalwood, and musk. Kannauj’s perfume industry has also played an important role in India’s economy, as the city is a major exporter of perfumes and essential oils to markets around the world.
History of The Origin of Perfume in Kannuj
The origin of perfume production in Kannauj can be traced back to ancient times. The city has been a center of perfume production for over a thousand years, with its reputation for producing high-quality fragrances dating back to the 7th century.
During the medieval period, Kannauj became famous for its production of attars, or natural perfumes made from the distillation of flower and plant extracts. These attars were highly valued and were often used by royalty and nobility.
Kannauj’s perfume industry flourished under the patronage of various rulers and emperors, including the Mughals, who were known for their love of perfumes. It is said that the Mughal emperor Jahangir was particularly fond of Kannauj’s rose attar and would order large quantities of it to be made and sent to him.
The perfume industry in Kannauj continued to thrive even after the decline of the Mughal empire, with the city’s perfumers developing new fragrances and refining their production techniques over the years. Today, Kannauj is still renowned for its traditional attars and essential oils, and the city’s perfumers continue to produce a wide range of fragrances using age-old methods that have been passed down through generations.
Progress of Kannauj as the Perfume City of India
Kannauj’s perfume industry has a long and rich history that spans over a thousand years, and the city’s perfumers have made significant contributions to the development and refinement of the art of perfumery in India. The progress of the perfume industry in Kannauj can be traced through the different rulers and empires that have held sway over the city over the centuries.
1. During King Harshvardhan’s Reign
During the 7th century, Kannauj was ruled by Emperor Harshvardhan, who is said to have been a great patron of the arts, including perfume-making. It is believed that it was during his reign that Kannauj’s perfume industry began to take shape, with the city becoming a center to produce attars and other fragrances made from natural extracts.
2.During the Influence of the Delhi Sultanate
In the medieval period, Kannauj’s perfume industry reached new heights under the patronage of the Delhi Sultanate, which ruled over northern India from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The sultans were known for their love of perfumes and would often commission Kannauj’s perfumers to create new fragrances for them.
3.During the Mughal Rule
The Mughal Empire, which ruled over India from the 16th to the 18th centuries, was also a major patron of Kannauj’s perfume industry. The Mughal emperors were particularly fond of rose attar, and it is said that Emperor Jahangir would order large quantities of Kannauj’s rose attar to be made and sent to him. Under the Mughals, Kannauj’s perfumers developed new fragrances and refined their production techniques.
4. During the Nawabs of Awadh
After the decline of the Mughal Empire, Kannauj’s perfume industry continued to flourish under the patronage of the Nawabs of Awadh, who were known for their love of perfumes and would often commission Kannauj’s perfumers to create new fragrances for them.
Today, Kannauj’s perfume industry is still going strong, with the city’s perfumers continuing to produce high-quality fragrances using traditional methods that have been passed down through generations. The city’s perfumes are famous for their unique and exotic scents, and Kannauj is still known as the perfume capital of India.
The Process of Perfume Making
The process of making perfume in Kannauj is a highly specialized and traditional craft that has been passed down through generations. The process typically involves the following steps:
Step 1- Collection of ingredients:
Natural ingredients such as flowers, herbs, spices, and other plant extracts of the highest quality are collected to create a unique and authentic final fragrance.
Step 2- Distillation:
The natural ingredients are then distilled to extract their aromatic essence in traditional copper stills where they are heated along with water and collected as a fragrant liquid.
Step 3- Blending:
Once the different essences have been extracted, they are blended to create the desired fragrance.
Step 4- Aging:
After blending, the perfume is left to age for a period to allow the different fragrances to fully integrate and mellow.
Step 5- Bottling:
Once the perfume has aged, it is packed in handcrafted and decorated bottles with intricate designs, adding to the beauty and uniqueness of the final product.
Most Loved Attars from Kannauj
Kannauj is renowned for its traditional attars, which are fragrant oils made from natural ingredients using traditional distillation methods. Some of the most famous attars of Kannauj include:
1. Rose Attar
Kannauj is known for producing some of the highest quality rose attars in the world. The attar is made by distilling the petals of the Damask rose, which is known for its sweet and fragrant scent.
This attar is made from the roots of the vetiver plant, which is native to India. The attar has a deep, woody fragrance that is often used in perfumes and other fragrances.
3. Sandalwood Attar
Sandalwood is a fragrant wood that is native to India, and Kannauj is known for its high-quality sandalwood attars. It has a warm and woody fragrance often used in perfumes and other fragrances.
4. Jasmine Attar
Kannauj is also famous for its jasmine attar, which is made from the flowers of the Jasmine plant. The attar has a sweet and floral fragrance and is used in a variety of perfumes and other fragrances.
Musk is a fragrant substance that is derived from the musk deer, and it has a deep and musky scent. Kannauj is known for its musk attars, which are made by distilling musk and other natural ingredients to create a unique and exotic fragrance.
These are some of the attars that are loved by people globally but the perfume city of India with more than 200 distilleries at work, creates a large number of fragrances that suits everyone’s preferences.
The perfume city of India has held its reputation for producing the best perfumes, attars, and essential oils for the longest time in history. The high demand for Kannauj’s perfume across the world has made it a government-protected entity and also has a glut of foreign and Indian brands in the market.
The essential oils manufactured in Kannauj are often used for aromatherapy, in-home, and air fresheners due to the relaxing and calming properties of the ingredients used in the process.
When you are in a gathering of people and get complimented for smelling good, such a nice feeling, isn’t it?
We at Kashmirica provide a wide range of attar perfumes especially curated with the best of fragrances and care. Try them today.
Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
Amidst the snow-clad mountains, lush meadows, gushing rivers and immense natural beauty, Kashmir is also blessed with a rich culture and history. Along with excellent craftsmanship, Kashmir is popular for its jewellery.
As the region is home to some of the most skilled artisans, Kashmiri jewellery isn’t just beautiful and unique but also very intricately made.
If you wish to know more about the same then you are at the right place. In this article, we will tell you some very interesting things about Kashmiri jewellery.
Things to Know about Kashmiri Jewellery
KASHMIRI JEWELLERY
1. Handmade with immaculate precision
Every piece of Kashmiri jewellery whether it is earrings, necklaces or finger rings is made using hands. The jewellery is made using age-old techniques of jewellery making and no powerful machines are used.
Immensely skilled artisans who have been practising the art for years and years altogether make Kashmiri jewellery with immaculate precision and the utmost attention to detail.
Where it is handmade, there is always a lot of love, dedication and patience that goes behind crafting every piece of this jewellery. And this is one of the reasons that make Kashmiri jewellery so incredibly special.
2. Made from silver/ gold
While making Kashmiri jewellery, only high-quality materials like silver, gold, and marcasite are used for the base of the jewellery pieces. When it comes to Kashmiri jewellery, quality is always given the top priority.
So, you know that, when you buy this jewellery, it is going to stay with you for a very, very long time. Being made using superior quality materials, the jewellery won’t break or get worn out. This means that you get to flaunt Kashmiri jewellery for years and years and if it is kept well, the jewellery can also be passed down to the generations to come.
3. The jewellery is studded with precious stones and original gemstones
Srinagar is home to numerous precious stones and gemstones like Emeralds, Amethyst, Ruby, Sapphire, and much more.
Kashmiri jewellery- whether it is earrings, finger rings, pendants or something else, is often studded with these precious gemstones that don’t just increase the aesthetic appeal of the ornaments but also make them more valuable.
So, if you are looking for something very precious and yet do not wish to invest a lot of money, Kashmiri jewellery is the perfect fit.
Most Kashmiri jewellery has an antique/ vintage feel to it. Kashmiri jewellery has that unmissable old-world charm and an evergreen appeal. It is way beyond all the short-lived trends and has an appeal that is evergreen.
So, with this jewellery, you never have to worry about it going out of fashion or trend. Moreover, it is also so versatile that the jewellery goes with all kinds of outfits and suits on any occasion.
We hope that this article helped you know more about Kashmiri jewellery. Now, whenever you think of buying a piece of Kashmiri jewellery, you know how incredibly special it is.
Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
You must have heard about Mona Lisa, but do you know a thing about any of the paintings of Indian Artists? Traditional paintings of India have a rich history and a diverse range of styles, techniques, and themes.
Traditional paintings of India have been practiced for centuries, with some of the earliest examples dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE). They have been influenced by various religions, cultures, and traditions, resulting in a wide variety of styles and techniques. The different regions of India have unique painting styles that reflect the local customs, beliefs, and natural surroundings.
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India has a rich tradition of painting, which dates back thousands of years. The earliest examples of Indian painting can be found in the rock art of the prehistoric era, such as the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.
In recent times, traditional Indian paintings have undergone a revival and are being recognized and appreciated globally. Many artists are also experimenting with new techniques and styles, while still drawing inspiration from the rich cultural heritage of India.
The Traditional Paintings of India
TRADITIONAL PAINTING OF INDIA
Indian paintings can be broadly classified into two categories: classical and folk.
Classical painting refers to the paintings that were commissioned by kings and royalty, while folk painting refers to the art produced by local artists, often reflecting the everyday life of the people.
Folk painting styles include Madhubani, Warli, Pattachitra, Kalamkari, and Gond, among others. These paintings often use natural materials and depict scenes from rural life, animals, and deities.
The Traditional painting styles of India include Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari, Deccani, and Tanjore. Each of these styles has its distinctive features, such as intricate detailing, vibrant colors, and religious or mythological themes.
Some of the most famous traditional paintings in India are:
1. Madhubani Paintings
Also known as Mithila paintings, these are a form of folk art that originated in the Mithila region of Bihar. They are characterized by their vibrant colors, intricate designs, and the use of natural dyes. The paintings often depict religious themes and scenes from daily life.
2. Rajasthani Paintings
PAINTING FROM THE MUGHAL ERA
Rajasthani paintings are a style of Indian miniature paintings that originated in the state of Rajasthan. They are known for their bright colors, fine details, and intricate patterns. The paintings often depict mythological themes and courtly life.
3. Tanjore Paintings
TANJORE PAINTING DEPICTING A ROYAL ELEPHANT
Tanjore paintings originated in the town of Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. They are known for using gold leaf and vibrant colors and typically feature religious themes. The paintings often depict gods and goddesses from Hindu mythology.
4. Warli Paintings
WARLI PAINTING DEPICTING VILLAGE LIFE
Warli paintings are a form of tribal art that originated in the Warli region of Maharashtra. They are characterized by their use of simple geometric shapes and patterns and typically depict scenes from daily life. The paintings often depict scenes from daily life and nature.
5. Pattachitra Paintings
PATTACHITRA ART DEPICTING A SCENE FROM HINDU MYTHOLOGY
Pattachitra paintings are a form of traditional painting from the state of Odisha. They are known for their intricate detailing, bright colors, and the use of natural materials such as cloth and paper. The paintings often depict stories from Hindu mythology.
6. Kalamkari Paintings
KALAMKARI ART WITH FLORAL MOTIFS ON A CLOTH
Kalamkari paintings are a form of traditional painting from Andhra Pradesh. They are known for using natural dyes and intricate designs and typically feature religious themes.
7. Miniature Paintings
MINIATURE PAINTING OF THE MUGHAL ERA
Miniature paintings are a style of Indian painting that originated in the Mughal courts in the 16th century. They are characterized by their small size, intricate details, and the use of bright colors.
Key Features of Traditional Paintings of India
Traditional paintings of India have a rich and diverse history that spans thousands of years. Different regions of India have unique painting styles, which are influenced by the local culture, religion, and geography.
Among the many reasons that make these paintings unique, here are a few:
1. Mastery of Techniques
Traditional paintings of India require mastering various techniques, such as brushwork, color mixing, and surface preparation.
Different styles of Traditional paintings in India also require specific techniques, such as the use of natural dyes, gold leafing, or intricate line work.
2. Attention to Detail
Traditional paintings of India are often highly detailed and intricate, with many paintings featuring complex patterns and designs. Artists must have a keen eye for detail and be able to execute precise brushstrokes and lines.
3. Knowledge of Mythology and Symbolism
Many traditional paintings of India are based on Hindu mythology and incorporate symbols and motifs that have specific meanings. Artists must have a deep understanding of these symbols and be able to convey them through their paintings.
4. Use of Natural Materials
Many traditional paintings in India are made using natural materials, such as vegetable dyes, minerals, and gold leaf. Artists must be skilled in sourcing and preparing these materials, as well as using them to achieve the desired effect.
5. Preservation of Cultural Heritage
Traditional paintings of India are an important part of the country’s cultural heritage, and many artists are committed to preserving these art forms. This requires a deep understanding of the history and context of each style of painting, as well as a willingness to learn and adapt to changing artistic practices.
Why you should Choose Traditional paintings of India?
FOLK PAINTING
There are many reasons why someone might choose traditional paintings of India over other forms of art and Here are a few potential reasons:
Rich cultural heritage
Traditional paintings of India have a rich history and cultural significance. Many styles of painting, such as Madhubani, Warli, and Rajasthani Miniature, have been passed down through generations and are deeply rooted in Indian tradition.
Unique aesthetic appeal
Traditional paintings of India are known for their unique aesthetic appeal, which is often characterized by intricate details, bright colors, and symbolic motifs. These paintings are often highly stylized and can make for beautiful and striking works of art.
Handmade authenticity
Traditional paintings of India are typically handmade by skilled artists, which means that each piece is unique and authentic. This can be a refreshing change from the mass-produced, digitally-created art that is often seen today.
Supporting local artists
By choosing traditional paintings of India you are supporting local artists and helping to preserve traditional art forms. This can be especially important in today’s world, where many traditional art forms are at risk of dying out.
Connection to spirituality
Many traditional paintings of India are infused with spiritual themes and symbolism. For those who are interested in spirituality or who want to connect with Indian culture and tradition, traditional painting can be a great way to do so.
Exhibitions of Traditional Paintings in India
Many annual exhibitions take place in India that showcase traditional paintings from various regions and styles. All painting enthusiasts and artists from around the world attend them to witness the greatness of traditional art. Some of the most notable ones are:
India Art Fair
Held annually in New Delhi, this is one of the biggest art fairs in India and features a wide range of contemporary and traditional art.
Kochi-Muziris Biennale
This is a contemporary art exhibition that takes place every two years in the city of Kochi, Kerala. While the focus is on contemporary art, there are also traditional art forms and practices showcased.
Madhubani Art Exhibition
This annual exhibition takes place in Bihar and showcases the traditional Madhubani paintings, which are known for their intricate designs and bright colors.
Tanjore Painting Exhibition
Held in Chennai, this exhibition showcases the traditional Tanjore paintings that originated in the Tamil Nadu region and are known for using gold foil and vibrant colors.
Warli Painting Exhibition
This annual exhibition takes place in Maharashtra and features the Warli paintings, which are a traditional art form of the Warli tribe.
Global Significance of Traditional Paintings of India
Traditional painting styles from India, such as Madhubani, Warli, Rajasthani, Tanjore, and Pattachitra, have gained popularity in recent years and have a growing demand both within India and worldwide.
These styles are unique to different regions of India, and their distinct styles and techniques make them popular among art collectors and enthusiasts. The popularity of Indian paintings can be attributed to their vibrant colors, intricate designs, and unique cultural significance. Many of these paintings are inspired by mythological stories, religious themes, and historical events, which make them culturally rich and significant.
The rise of e-commerce has made it easier for artists to sell their work globally, thereby increasing the demand for traditional paintings of Indias. Many artists now sell their paintings online, which has made it easier for art collectors and enthusiasts from around the world to purchase them.
The demand for traditional Indian paintings has been on the rise both within India and worldwide. With the increasing popularity of these paintings, they will likely continue to be in demand in the coming years.
Embracing the Culture of India
Traditional paintings of India have a rich history and continue to be an important art form in the country. To further promote and preserve this art form, it is important to ask for Education and Awareness, Digital Promotion, Collaboration between traditional painters and contemporary artists, and Skill Development.
The maximum use of traditional paintings of India can be achieved by integrating them into various industries, such as textiles, fashion, and home decor. It can also be used in the tourism industry to showcase India’s rich cultural heritage to the world. Traditional paintings of India are a valuable art form that should be promoted and preserved for future generations.
Which of the traditional paintings of India do you find most intriguing? Share your thoughts in the comments.
Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
Indian embroidery is a rich and important aspect of the country’s cultural heritage, and its continued practice and evolution demonstrate the enduring significance of this art form.
Indian embroidery has a diverse history dating back thousands of years. Embroidery was practiced in India during the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. The art of embroidery was further developed during the Mughal period in the 16th century, and it has continued to evolve over the centuries.
Embroidery has played a significant role in Indian culture, particularly in the realm of fashion. Indian Embroidery is used to embellish garments such as saris, salwar kameez, and lehengas, and it is also used to create home decor items such as wall hangings and cushion covers.
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Types of Indian Embroidery
Let’s dwell on different types of Indian Embroidery and their techniques used throughout India.
1. Banjara Embroidery
BANJARA EMBROIDERY
Origin of Banjara Embroidery
Banjara embroidery is a form of traditional Indian embroidery that originated from the nomadic Banjara tribes in the state of Rajasthan. The Banjara people are known for their colorful attire and intricate needlework, which reflects their unique culture and lifestyle.
Techniques and methods
Banjara embroidery is created using a combination of stitches, including chains, herringbone, and satin stitches, and is often embellished with mirrors, beads, and coins. The embroidery is usually worked on cotton or silk fabrics, and the designs are inspired by nature, animals, and geometric shapes. This Indian embroidery is traditionally done by women and is passed down from generation to generation, with each family adding their own unique style and flair.
Use of Banjara Embroidery
Banjara embroidery is also often used to decorate clothing, bags, and home décor items, and has gained popularity in the fashion industry in recent years.
Style of Banjara Embroidery
The style of Banjara embroidery is bold, vibrant, and intricate, and is characterized by its use of bright colors and intricate patterns. This Indian embroidery is often used to create large, bold designs, such as peacock motifs or floral patterns, and is known for its use of mirrors and beads, which add a reflective and sparkling effect to the finished product.
2. Aari Embroidery
FLORAL MOTIF PATTERN IN AARI EMBROIDERY
Aari embroidery is a traditional form of Indian embroidery that originated in the state of Rajasthan. It is also known as crewel embroidery or hook embroidery. Aari embroidery is done using a specialized needle called an aari, which is a long, pointed needle with a hook at one end. The aari is used to create intricate and delicate designs on fabric, which are then filled in with colorful threads.
Origin of Aari Embroidery
Aari embroidery is believed to have originated in the Mughal era of India, around the 16th century. It was initially practiced by skilled artisans who worked on the clothes and accessories of the royal families. It became a popular form of embroidery among common people as well.
Techniques and Methods
Aari embroidery is characterized by its fine and intricate designs, which often feature floral patterns and geometric shapes. This Indian embroidery is done on fabrics such as silk, cotton, and velvet, and is used to adorn a variety of items such as sarees, salwar kameez, dupattas, and home decor items like cushion covers and curtains.
Style of Aari Embroidery
The style of aari embroidery has evolved over time, and today there are many variations of this traditional craft. Some of the popular styles include Kashmiri aari embroidery, which is known for its elaborate designs and use of vibrant colors.
Many fashion designers and artisans are now incorporating aari embroidery into their designs, creating a fusion of traditional and contemporary styles.
3. Chikankari Embroidery
CHIKANKARI EMBROIDERY
Chikankari embroidery is a delicate and intricate embroidery style that originated in the city of Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is also known as chikan embroidery or chikankari work.
Origin of Chikankari Embroidery
The exact origin of chikankari embroidery is unclear, but it is believed to have been introduced in India during the Mughal era, around the 16th century. It is said to have been introduced by a Mughal Empress, Noor Jahan, who was fond of intricate embroidery work.
Techniques and Methods
Chikankari embroidery involves hand-stitching on cotton fabric with white thread, creating intricate and detailed designs. This Indian embroidery is done on a variety of fabrics such as muslin, silk, and chiffon. The designs are first drawn onto the fabric with a pencil or a charcoal stick, and then the embroidery work is done using a needle and thread.
Use of Chikankari Embroidery
Chikankari embroidery is known for its subtle elegance and timeless beauty. It is often used to embellish traditional Indian wear such as sarees, salwar kameez, and kurta pajamas. This Indian embroidery work is also used on home furnishings such as bedspreads, tablecloths, and cushion covers.
4. Gota Embroidery
GOTA EMBROIDERY
Gota embroidery is a type of Indian embroidery that is known for its intricate designs and use of metallic thread. It is a popular form of embroidery that is used to decorate clothing, home decor items, and accessories.
Origin of Gota Embroidery
Gota embroidery has its roots in Rajasthan, India. The word “gota” means “ribbon” or “strip” in Hindi, and the embroidery involves attaching thin strips of metal to fabric using a needle and thread.
Techniques and Methods
The technique was originally used to decorate wedding clothes and other formal garments and was traditionally done by hand.
Style of Gota Embroidery
Gota embroidery is characterized by the use of metallic thread, as well as embellishments like sequins, beads, and mirrors. The embroidery designs often feature floral patterns, paisley motifs, and other decorative elements. There are different styles of Gota embroidery, including, Zardozi, Aari, Tepchi, and Mukaish.
Use of Gota Embroidery
Gota embroidery is still a popular form of Indian embroidery and can be found on a variety of items including sarees, dupattas, and home decor items. It is a testament to the rich cultural heritage of India and continues to be admired for its beauty and craftsmanship.
5. Phulkari Embroidery
PUNJAB PHULKARI
Phulkari embroidery is a traditional style of embroidery that originated in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The word “phulkari” means “flower work” in Punjabi, and this Indian embroidery is known for its vibrant colors and intricate floral designs.
Origin of Phulkari Embroidery
The exact origin of phulkari embroidery is not known, but it is believed to have been practiced for centuries by women in the Punjab region. It was traditionally done on handmade cotton or silk fabrics, using silk threads in a variety of colors.
Techniques and Methods
Phulkari embroidery is typically done using a simple running stitch, which creates a series of small, straight lines that form intricate designs. This Indian embroidery is often done on the wrong side of the fabric, which creates a subtle, shaded effect on the front.
Style of Phukari Embroidery
There are several different styles of phulkari embroidery, each with its own unique characteristics. One of the most popular styles is the bagh (garden) phulkari, which features dense floral designs covering the entire fabric. Another style is the chope (square) phulkari, which features large, square-shaped designs that are often arranged in a grid pattern.
6. Zardosi Embroidery
ZARDOSI DABKA EMBROIDERY
Zardosi embroidery, also known as “Zar-douzi,” is a type of metal embroidery that originated in India. The word “Zardosi” is derived from two Persian words, “Zar” meaning gold, and “douzi” meaning embroidery, which translates to “gold embroidery.”
Origin of Zardosi Embroidery
The history of Zardosi embroidery can be traced back to the Mughal era in India, where it was used to embellish the clothes of the royal family and the nobles. The technique was later adopted by artisans from different parts of India, and it became popular throughout the country.
Techniques and Methods
Zardosi embroidery involves the use of fine gold and silver wires, as well as silk and other materials, to create intricate designs on fabrics such as silk, velvet, and satin.
The embroidery is done using a special needle called an “aari,” which is similar to a crochet hook.
Style of Zardosi Embroidery
The designs in Zardosi embroidery are typically inspired by nature and include floral patterns, birds, animals, and other motifs. The embroidery is often combined with other techniques such as beadwork, sequin work, and stone embellishments to create a rich and luxurious look.
Use of Zardosi Embroidery
Zardosi embroidery is a versatile technique and can be used to decorate a wide range of clothing and accessories such as sarees, lehengas, dupattas, sherwanis, bags, and shoes.
It is also used to create decorative pieces such as wall hangings, cushion covers, and tablecloths.
7. Kantha Embroidery
KANTHA EMBROIDERY ON TUSSAR SILK
Kantha embroidery is a traditional Indian embroidery style from the subcontinent, particularly in the eastern states of West Bengal and Odisha. It is a form of hand-stitched embroidery that is known for its intricate designs and colorful patterns.
Origin of Kantha Embroidery
Kantha embroidery has a long history, dating back to ancient times when women in rural areas used to recycle old sarees, dhotis, and other fabrics to create warm blankets and quilts. They would layer several pieces of cloth together and use a running stitch to hold the layers in place, creating a warm and soft covering for the cold winter months. Over time, these blankets and quilts became more decorative as women began to embellish them with embroidery.
Kantha embroidery is characterized by its use of a running stitch, which is used to create intricate patterns and designs on the fabric. The stitches are usually done in a simple back-and-forth motion, creating a textured effect on the fabric. The embroidery was usually done in a white or cream-colored thread, with simple designs that reflected the rural life and natural surroundings of the artisans. Kantha embroidery has evolved into a more sophisticated art form, with a wide range of designs and color combinations
Style of Kantha Embroidery
The designs themselves can be simple or elaborate and often feature flowers, animals, and geometric shapes. Kantha embroidery is used to decorate a variety of textiles, including sarees, dupattas, and bedspreads. It is also used to create decorative wall hangings and cushion covers.
8. Kashmiri Embroidery
KASHMIRI EMBROIDERY
Kashmiri embroidery is a style of Indian embroidery that originated in the Kashmir Valley of India. It is known for its intricate and delicate needlework, which is often characterized by fine, intricate stitches and the use of a variety of materials.
Origin of Kashmiri Embroidery
The origins of Kashmiri embroidery can be traced back to the 15th century when the Mughal emperors ruled India. It was during this time that the art of embroidery flourished in India, and Kashmiri embroidery emerged as a distinctive style. This Indian embroidery was initially used to decorate the clothes of the nobility and the wealthy, but over time it became more accessible and was used to embellish everyday clothing as well.
Techniques and Methods
Kashmiri embroidery is created using a variety of techniques, including chain stitch, satin stitch, and stem stitch. The embroidery is often done on a base fabric, such as silk or cotton, and can be embellished with a range of materials, including gold and silver thread, sequins, beads, and even precious stones. This Indian embroidery is typically done by hand and can take many hours or even days to complete.
Style of Kashmiri Embroidery
One of the distinctive features of Kashmiri embroidery is its use of motifs inspired by the natural world. These include flowers, leaves, vines, and birds, as well as paisley designs, which are a traditional Kashmiri motif. This Indian embroidery is also known for its vibrant colors, which are often inspired by the local landscape.
Which Indian Embroidery Would you Prefer?
Indian embroidery is a rich and diverse art form that has been practiced for centuries.
From the intricate and delicate designs of Chikankari to the bold and colorful patterns of Phulkari. Like Many traditional art forms, it is facing challenges that threaten its survival and to address this issue, efforts should be made to promote and celebrate Indian embroidery as a valuable and important art form.
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Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
Bastar Arts is a form of traditional tribal art that originated in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, India. It is an ancient art form that has been practiced by the indigenous communities of the region for centuries. The Bastar arts are known for their distinctive style and use of natural materials like wood, metal, and clay.
The Bastar artisans are skilled in creating a range of art forms, including sculptures, figurines, masks, and decorative objects. The materials used in the art are sourced from the local forests and include materials like sal wood, iron, brass, and bell metal. The artisans often incorporate local motifs and symbols, such as the traditional Danteshwari temple, animals, birds, and human figures.
The art form is not only aesthetically appealing but also carries cultural and religious significance. It is closely linked to the indigenous communities’ beliefs and traditions and is often used in religious ceremonies and festivals. It also serves as a means of preserving and promoting the region’s rich cultural heritage.
The Bastar arts have gained popularity and recognition both nationally and internationally. The government of Chhattisgarh has also taken steps to promote and support the art form, leading to increased economic opportunities for the artisans and helping to ensure the preservation of this unique cultural heritage.
The Cultural Significance Of Bastar Art
The Bastar region is home to various indigenous tribes like the Gond, Maria, and Muria, who have a rich cultural heritage and have developed unique art forms that are distinct from mainstream Indian art.
The historical significance of Bastar arts lies in the fact that they represent the cultural identity and the way of life of the tribal communities living in the region. These art forms have been passed down from generation to generation, and they have survived the test of time and modernization.
Bastar arts are known for their intricate craftsmanship and the use of natural materials like wood, iron, and bell metal. The most famous art forms from Bastar include metal crafts, woodcraft, terracotta, and tribal paintings.
Bastar arts have also played a significant role in the economy of the region, as many artisans and craftsmen depend on them for their livelihood. They have also gained recognition and popularity in the mainstream art world, with many art collectors and enthusiasts appreciating their beauty and uniqueness
The Demand for Bastar Arts
The demand for Bastar arts has been steadily increasing due to their growing popularity as unique decorative pieces and collector’s items. Many people appreciate the cultural significance and authenticity of these handmade products, as they are often made by skilled artisans using traditional techniques.
There has been a surge in demand for eco-friendly and sustainable products, which has led to an increase in the popularity of Bastar Arts. These products are often made using locally sourced materials and eco-friendly techniques, which appeal to consumers who are conscious of their environmental impact.
The demand for Bastar arts is expected to continue growing as more people become aware of their cultural significance, unique designs, and eco-friendly.
This is a traditional metal casting technique that involves creating sculptures using the lost-wax casting process. The artisans use a blend of clay, wax, and organic materials to create the mold, which is then filled with molten metal.
Dhokra art is known for its intricate designs and patterns, which are often inspired by nature and the environment. The sculptures depict a wide range of subjects, from animals and birds to human figures and deities. They are often used for decorative purposes and as a symbol of cultural identity. Dhokra art is a vital source of income for many artisans in the Bastar region, and it has gained popularity across the country and around the world for its unique beauty and cultural significance.
2. Wooden Crafts
POLISHED WOODEN TOYS
Wooden crafts are a popular and important art form in Bastar, known for their intricate designs and skilled craftsmanship. The region is home to a variety of wood types, including teak, sal, and bamboo, which are used by artisans to create a wide range of products, including wooden carvings, masks, toys, and furniture.
The process of creating wooden crafts in Bastar involves several stages, starting with selecting the wood. The wood is carefully chosen based on its quality and suitability for the specific item being created. Once the wood has been selected, it is cut and shaped using a variety of tools, including chisels, saws, and knives. The wood is then polished to create a smooth and even surface.
One of the unique aspects of wooden crafts in Bastar is the use of lacquer, a natural resin that is applied to the wood to create a glossy and durable finish. The lacquer is applied in several layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before the next is added. The final product is a beautiful and durable work of art that reflects the rich cultural heritage of the region.
3. Terracotta Art
HAND PAINTED TERRACOTTA ART
Terracotta art is a popular traditional art form in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. This art form involves the creation of sculptures, figurines, and other decorative items using locally sourced clay. The clay is molded by hand and then fired in a kiln to create the final product.
The artisans in Bastar use a variety of techniques to create intricate designs and patterns on the clay. Some artisans use a simple, minimalist approach, while others create highly detailed and elaborate designs. The designs often reflect the local culture and traditions and may include depictions of deities, animals, and other elements of nature.
Terracotta art is an important part of the local culture in Bastar and is often used for religious and ceremonial purposes. It is also a popular souvenir for tourists, who can purchase a wide variety of terracotta items from local artisans.
4. Bell Metal Craft
BELL METAL CRAFT
Bell metal craft is a popular traditional art form that has been practiced in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh for centuries. The artisans who practice this craft use a combination of copper and tin to create utensils, bells, and other household items.
The process of creating bell metal crafts begins with collecting copper and tin, which are then melted together in a furnace. The molten metal is then poured into a mold to create the desired shape, which is then polished and finished by the artisan.
One of the unique features of bell metal craft is the distinct sound that is produced by the bells created using this technique. The sound is said to have spiritual significance and is often used in religious ceremonies and festivals.
5. Pithora Paintings
PITHORA PAINTING ON A WALL
Pithora painting is a traditional art form that originated in the tribal regions of Bastar. These paintings are created using natural colors and materials such as mud, cow dung, and rice flour, and depict various aspects of tribal life, including myths, legends, and rituals.
The paintings are created by first preparing a surface with a mixture of cow dung and mud, which is then painted with a white base coat made from rice flour. The painting is then created using natural pigments made from plants and minerals, which are applied using a bamboo stick or a brush made from animal hair.
The subjects of Pithora paintings vary widely and may include depictions of tribal deities, animals, birds, and other elements of nature. These paintings are often created during religious festivals or ceremonies and are believed to have spiritual significance.
Pithora paintings are known for their intricate and detailed designs, which are created using a variety of techniques such as dotting, hatching, and shading. The paintings may also include symbols and motifs that hold special meaning for the tribe, such as the sun, moon, and stars.
6. Bamboo Art
A BAMBOO BASKET
Bamboo art is a popular handicraft in the Bastar region. The artisans use bamboo to create a variety of decorative and functional items, such as baskets, trays, lampshades, and furniture. The art of bamboo weaving is passed down from generation to generation, and the artisans use traditional techniques to create intricate designs and patterns.
The process of making bamboo art begins with the selection of the raw material. The artisans use bamboo that is mature, straight and has a uniform thickness. The bamboo is cut into thin strips using a special tool called a date and then soaked in water to make it pliable.
Once the bamboo is pliable, the artisans begin the weaving process. They use a variety of weaving techniques, including coiling, plaiting, and twining, to create the desired shape and pattern. The artisans may also use other natural materials, such as cane and grass, to add texture and contrast to the bamboo.
Once the item is complete, it is polished with a smooth stone to give it a smooth finish. The finished product is not only aesthetically pleasing but also durable and functional, making it a popular choice for both home decor and daily use.
Bamboo art in Bastar is not only an important source of livelihood for the artisans but also an important part of the region’s cultural heritage. The art form reflects the resourcefulness and creativity of the people of Bastar and their close relationship with nature.
Drawbacks of Bastar Arts
Despite being eco-friendly, economical, and sustainable, Bastar Arts do have some demerits that are worth considering.
Limited Scope
Bastar arts are primarily limited to the Bastar region and are not widely known or appreciated outside of that area. This limits the potential audience and market for these arts.
Limited Commercial Viability
While Bastar arts are valued for their aesthetic and cultural significance, they may not always have a high commercial value. This can make it difficult for artisans to make a sustainable living from their craft.
Lack of Innovation
Bastar arts are steeped in tradition and may not always be open to innovation or experimentation. This can limit the creativity of artisans and the potential for these arts to evolve and adapt to changing times.
Environmental Impact
The production of Bastar arts often involves the use of natural resources such as wood and metal. This can have an impact on the environment if not managed responsibly.
The Exploitation of Artisans
In some cases, artisans who produce Bastar arts may be exploited by middlemen or traders who pay them very low wages for their work. This can make it difficult for artisans to make a fair living from their craft and can lead to economic exploitation.
Over to You
Bastar arts are an important part of India’s cultural heritage, and efforts must be made to preserve and promote them. By doing so, we can not only support the local artisans but also ensure the continuation of this beautiful art form for generations to come.
The use of Bastar arts has expanded beyond just decorative items to include functional objects such as lamps, furniture, and even utensils. This has not only helped preserve the traditional art form but also provided sustainable livelihoods to the local artisans who create them.
Initiatives have been taken by the government and non-governmental organizations to promote and support the art form. These initiatives include training programs for the artisans, providing them with modern tools and equipment, and establishing market linkages to enable them to sell their products at fair prices. So, here we conclude our brief look into the Bastar Arts. I hope you find this blog helpful and enjoy reading it.
What other art forms can you think of? Let us know in the comments.
Mir Saeid is the Growth Hacker of Kashmirica, a brand that is poised to ‘Bring Exclusives from Kashmir to You’. An enthusiastic cultural entrepreneur, he is driven by a passion to bring about a social impact. He has a Masters in International Business from the University of Bedfordshire and has worked in leading Marketing positions at various SMEs and Startups for 8+ years.
Intrigued by the crafts of his birthplace, he decided to bring the art on the Global Connoisseur through the internet. A polyglot who speaks English, Arabic, Urdu & Koshur, Mir loves traveling, reading, writing, and spending time on the cricket field – a passion rekindled just recently.
In Islam, Sunnah refers to the actions, sayings, and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) that were not specifically mentioned in the Quran. Sunnah is considered to be the second most important source of Islamic law after the Quran, and it guides various aspects of life, including worship, personal behavior like Sunnah of eating food, and social interactions.
Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was the perfect example of how to live a righteous and fulfilling life, and therefore, his actions and teachings are highly respected and followed. Following the Sunnah is considered to be a way of getting closer to God and living a life that is pleasing to Him.
Sunnah is recorded in a collection of texts known as Hadith, which is a compilation of the sayings, actions, and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The most widely accepted collections of Hadith are Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.
In Islam, the Sunnah of eating food is considered to be an important aspect of daily life. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) guided how to eat and drink in a manner that is pleasing to Allah and beneficial to one’s health. Some of the Sunnah of eating food are:
1. Wash hands before and after eating
WASHING HANDS
The Hadiths emphasize the importance of washing hands before and after eating. It is a hygienic practice that helps prevent the spread of germs and bacteria, and it is also a way of following the Sunnah of eating food preached by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: ‘When you eat, wash your hands before you start, and wash them again after you finish.’(Sunan Abu Dawud, Book of Food, Hadith 3766)
2. Eat with your right hand and begin with the nearest dish on your plate
The Sunnah of eating food with the right hand is mentioned in several Hadiths (narrations) of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and is also supported by stories and examples from Islamic history.
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: ‘When one of you eats, let him use his right hand, and let him eat what is in front of him.’(Sahih Muslim, Book of Drinks, Hadith 2017)
A companion of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) named Abdullah ibn Umar reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: “O Abdullah, eat with your right hand, and eat from what is in front of you.”(Sahih Bukhari, Book of Drinks, Hadith 5376)
It is also reported that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) encouraged his followers to use their right hand for all daily activities, including eating, drinking, writing, and greeting others. This is based on the belief that the right hand is superior to the left hand and that it is purer and more blessed. (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book of Clothes and Decorations, Hadith 4020)
3. Begin with reciting Bismillah
BISMILLAH
The Hadiths emphasize the importance of saying Bismillah before eating, and how it can bring blessings and make eating easier. Saying Bismillah is a way of acknowledging Allah’s blessings and seeking His guidance and protection. It is also a way of showing gratitude for the food that Allah has provided and a Sunnah of eating food.
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: ‘When one of you wants to eat food, let him say Bismillah, and if he forgets to say Bismillah at the beginning, then let him say Bismillah Fi Awwalihi Wa Akhirih (In the name of Allah at the beginning and at the end).’(Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Food, Hadith 3267)
4. Sit on the floor while eating
There is a story of a man who invited the Prophet (peace be upon him) to eat with him. The man prepared a grand feast and set up a table with chairs but the Prophet (peace be upon him) declined the invitation and said: “I only eat on the ground, sitting cross-legged.” The man realized his mistake and apologized, and the Prophet (peace be upon him) accepted his apology and ate with him on the ground. (Sahih Bukhari, Book of Food, Hadith 5399)
Sitting on the floor while eating is a Sunnah of eating food that is also a natural and healthy way of eating that promotes good digestion and prevents health problems such as indigestion and heartburn.
5. Eating Together
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: “Eat together and do not separate, for the blessing is in the company.”(Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Food, Hadith 3284)
It is narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) used to eat with his companions and would invite people to his home for meals.
The companions of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) would often gather together for meals, and this tradition continued after the Prophet’s death. It is narrated that once, during a gathering, the companions noticed that one of them was eating alone. They invited him to join them, and he said that he was fasting. The companions replied that they were also fasting, but they had broken their fast together as a community. The man was moved by their kindness and accepted the invitation to eat with them. (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book of Food, Hadith 3765)
This story highlights the importance of community and the bonds that are formed through sharing meals together.
The Sunnah of eating food together helps to build community, strengthen social bonds, and foster a sense of unity and brotherhood/sisterhood among Muslims.
6. Eat using three dominant fingers
The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to eat with three fingers, saying: ‘This is the way of the Prophets before me.’(Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book of Food, Hadith 5407)
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: ‘Do not eat with five fingers, for that is the way of the Shaytan. Eat with one finger, two fingers, or three fingers.’(Sunan Abu Dawud, Book of Food, Hadith 3764)
7. Eating in Moderation
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: ‘The son of Adam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach. It is sufficient for the son of Adam to eat enough to keep him alive. But if he must do that, then let him fill one-third with food, one-third with drink, and one-third with air.’ (Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Food, Hadith 3349)
The Sunnah of eating food in moderation and avoiding overindulgence is a way of maintaining good health and preventing the development of diseases such as obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
8. Be thankful for the food and never criticize
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, “The believer eats in one stomach whereas the disbeliever eats in seven stomachs.” (Sahih Bukhari, Book of Foods, Hadith 5390). This Hadith encourages Muslims to be content with what they have been provided with and not to criticize the food or the cook.
It is also Narrated by Abu Huraira that The Prophet never used to criticize any food that he was provided to eat. He never used to complain about the taste if the food was not of his liking but rather leave it as it was without uttering a word. He used to eat if he liked the food and leave it if he disliked it.
Being thankful for the food that we have been provided with and avoiding criticism of it is a Sunnah of eating food that can show gratitude to Allah and live a more fulfilling life.
9. Never waste food
The Sunnah of not wasting food emphasizes the importance of moderation, gratitude, and compassion. It encourages Muslims to be mindful of the resources they use to avoid wasting them and appreciate the blessings of Allah and share them with others.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) saw a man picking up food that had fallen in the street, and he said: ‘Leave it for him, leave it for him. It is only a morsel, but it is a sin to waste it.’(Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Food, Hadith 3285). This Hadith highlights the importance of not wasting even small amounts of food. It encourages Muslims to value the blessings of Allah and to be grateful for the food they have been provided with.
There is also a verse in the Quran that encourages Muslims to not waste any of the blessings that have been bestowed upon them by the almighty: “And eat and drink, but waste not in extravagance, certainly He (Allah) likes not those who waste in extravagance.”(Quran 7:31)
10. Always give Compliments if you like something
Complimenting the food that one eats is a Sunnah of eating food that helps to show gratitude, kindness, and appreciation. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) encouraged his followers to complement the food that is served to them.
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: “Whoever does not thank people, does not thank Allah.”(Sunan Abu Dawud, Book of Manners, Hadith 4811). This Hadith emphasizes the importance of showing gratitude to others, including those who prepare and serve food.
11. Express gratitude to Allah for the food you are blessed with
ALHAMDULILLAH
In Islam, it is a Sunnah of eating food to praise Allah before and after eating. One should say “Alhamdulillah” after finishing the meal as a way of expressing gratitude and recognizing that all blessings come from Allah.
The Hadith narrated by Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him) in which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, “When a servant of Allah eats his food and praises Him for it, Allah forgives his past sins.” (Sahih Muslim, Book of Zakat, Hadith 1784)
There is another Hadith narrated by Abdullah ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) in which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, “Allah is pleased with the servant who eats a meal and praises Him for it, and the servant who drinks a drink and praises Him for it.” (Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Food, Hadith 3282)
Conclusion
The Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the second most important source of guidance in Islam, after the Quran. Sunnah is an essential part of the Islamic faith. It is a way of obeying Allah, gaining blessings, increasing one’s faith, and attaining success in this life and the hereafter.
While following the Sunnah is highly recommended and considered an essential part of the Islamic faith, it is not considered obligatory in the same way that following the commands of the Quran is obligatory. It is seen as a way to gain a deeper understanding of the Quran and to implement its teachings in a practical way.
In this blog, we talked about the essential Sunnah of eating food. May Allah help us to follow all of them, Ameen.
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